Pennsylvania Genealogy Databases Digitized Records

Women s Christian Temperance Movement Essay - 1385 Words

The recently formed Women s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) took up the campaign for the vote in 1885. The movement was strongly linked to church and had the motto ‘For God, Home and Humanity.’ The WCTU had previously been involved in a temperance movement and this was one of the main reasons they decided to campaign for the vote. According to Wood â€Å"social climate had the greatest effect on mobilising women into a combined effort to rid themselves of laws that discriminated against them. Drunkenness and crime were two major reasons why women made the move to throw off the shackles that prevented their recognition as equals with men. The vote became imperative if the lot of women and children were to improve. † The women s vote did have many purposes, but improving the low moral level of society at that time was easily the most important. Many believed that female franchise would lead to the purification of New Zealand society and the Christianisation o f politics. It was believed that women had a stronger, nobler vision for a pure society which would lead to higher levels of sobriety and morality in New Zealand. The suffragists promoted the vote as a way that women could have social control over undesirable elements in the population. In the late nineteenth century women were beginning to find a place in the more public spheres of life. Larger numbers of women than ever were in paid employment; by 1874 twenty percent of females over fifteen were employed. ManyShow MoreRelatedThe Events Of Temperance Movement1332 Words   |  6 Pages Part 1: The Event; Temperance Movement â€Å"Second Great Awakening was not focused simply on promotion individual conversions; it was also intended to reform human society, which was said by Lyman Beecher a champion of evangelic Christian revivalism† (Tindall and Shi 508). The United States, which was known for a nation of separation and church and state was swept with religious revivals during 1790 to 1830s known as the Second Great Awakening. From the Second Great Awakening in 1842, the UnitedRead MoreThe Temperance Movement Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesTemperance Movement What was the purpose of the Temperance Movement and Prohibition on alcohol? The Temperance Movement was an anti-alcohol movement. The Temperance Movement took place back in the early 20th century. The Christian abolitionists who fought slavery also prayed to the same God to end the scourge of alcohol. The purpose of the Temperance Movement was to try to abolish alcohol in the early 1900’s. â€Å"’We Sang Rock of Ages‘: Frances Willard Battles Alcohol in the late 19th Century† (Willard)Read MoreThe Way That Women Earned Respect And Value Was First Through The Great Awakening875 Words   |  4 PagesThe way that women earned respect and value was first through the great awakening. Which emphasized faith and created later reforms such as the temperance, education, women rights, and abolition. All of these reforms put an emphasis on improving the moral compass of the nation. all of the issues were integrated with religion, since it was a religious movement. in the later 1820’s reforms created the Temperance movement, which was a reform against alcohol. Puritans believed that alcohol was completelyRead MoreHistory, Social Factors and Economic Impac of the Prohibition of Alcohol in the United States1490 Words   |  6 PagesStates in the early 1900’s. Cocaine was used as an anesthesia and medication in the early days of America until the drug was abused, and the legislature of the day deemed cocaine a dangerous drug. Americans would lose interest in cocaine until the 1960’s and then the drug would become even more popular in the 1980’s (Spillane, 1998). Today cocaine is one of the most prominent substances in the war on drugs. Alcohol today is a staple in American culture. In the 1800’s Americans would find anyRead MoreEssay on To what Extent the Progressive Movement was Successful1283 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame aware of these problems, a new reform group was created. Unlike populism, which had been a group of farmers grown desperate as the economy submerged into depression, the new reform movement arose from the educated middle class. These people were known as the progressives. The Progressive Movement was a movement that aimed at solving political, economic, and social problems. The Progressives were people from the middle class who had confidence that they could achieve social progress through politicalRead MoreA Sociological And Humanistic Perspective1714 Words   |  7 Pagesamendment is the result of over two centuries of an anti alcohol sentiment in society known as the temperance movement. This movement consisted of men and women but was primarily represented by women who were victims of domestic abuse by a partner who was an alcoholic. The aim of this movement was to limit or ban the sale, transport, distribution, and consumption of alcohol. The temperance movement is divided up into three waves, the first of which began in 1784 and went on until 1861(CITE). DuringRead MoreThe Antebellum Era: Major Social Reform Movements Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagessocial reform movements based on the urge to eradicate evil and improve human conditions in society. Despite the attempt to deal with a wide variety of reforms to provide positive changes to society these reform movements were met with varying degrees of success. This essay will focus on five of the major social reform movements of that era discussing their accomplishments, failures and impacts on America as a whole. They are the reforms of abolition, women’s suffrage, temperance, institutionalRead MoreThe Women s Suffrage Movement889 Words   |  4 Pagescampaign for women’s suffrage during Wilson s administration. 2. NAWSA: National American Woman Suffrage Association. Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to secure the vote for women. 3. True Womanhood: (1820s-1840s) Idea that the ideal woman should possess the traits of piety, purity, domesticity submissiveness. 4. President Woodrow Wilson: Was against the women’s suffrage movement. 5. Jeannette Rankin (Montana): In 1916, before women could legally vote, she became the firstRead MoreThe Importance Of Frances Willard : The Gilded Age1751 Words   |  8 Pagesin New York in 1839. Francis Willard held several important positions, exceeding as an educator, a women’s suffragist, and a co-founder of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (Britannica). The fact that Frances Willard held these positions indicates that she contributed towards the improvement of the United States, specifically by educating Women, fighting for women’s rights, and fighting for prohibition. These key roles were complementary to the issues associated with the United States at theRead MoreEssay The Prohibition of the 1920s702 Words   |  3 Pagesthe 1920’s there was an experiment in the U.S. â€Å"The Prohibition†, this experiment, made by the government, was written as the 18th amendment. The prohibition led to the bootlegging, increase in crimes, and gan g wars. The experiment consisted in all importing, exporting, transporting, and selling liquor was put to an end. Prohibition had been tried from a lot of time as temperance movements, the movements that tried to stop the alcohol consumption started in the latest 1700’s. The first

John Wilkes Booth Family Cemetery - 942 Words

John Wilkes Booth was born on May 10, 1838 in a small log cabin that no longer exists, this cabin was located in Harford County, Maryland. He was one of ten kids, four of which did not live through their youth and were buried in a small family cemetery. Most of his neighbors adored Booth in his childhood. One of Booth’s favorites was Aunty Rogers, for when one day â€Å"he got a large cut in his head† she came over to the farm to stitch up the cut and to sterilize the wound. His parents Junius Brutus Booth and Mary Ann Holmes lived on a small farm near Bel Air where a nice house called Tudor Hall was built. On the Farm John got his nickname of ‘Johnnie’, he also learned how to train his own horses and on hot days he could swim in the â€Å"large swimming pool.† His dad was often drunk off the farm, but on the farm he was away from alcohol, for he put it away from his farm. Furthermore, Booth was becoming interested in the Southern thinking of the Uni on’s president Lincoln. In the first week of March 1864 General Judson Kilpatrick led an ambush from the North while Colonel Ulric Dahlgren came in from the South towards Richmond, Virginia. This was to release 100 Union prisoners from the prison there. The battle was a complete bust and even worse was the papers found on Colonel Dahlgren. â€Å"...Some historians claim eventually led to the death of Abraham Lincoln† Many of the Southern people hated hearing about these papers because Lincoln was supposed to give peace to them, not war.Show MoreRelatedJohn Wilkes Booth and his fellow conspirators planned to kidnap Abraham Lincoln on March 20, 1865,500 Words   |  2 PagesJohn Wilkes Booth and his fellow conspirators planned to kidnap Abraham Lincoln on March 20, 1865, but on that day the president did not arrive at the location they thought he would. Once Booth figured out that Lincoln was going to Ford’s Theater he and his conspirators planned to assassinate Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and William H. Seward (â€Å"Abraham†/history.com). Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. As the president could not escape the southern sympathizers the nationRead MoreCompare and Contrast Lincoln And Jfk Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate he expressed his opinion that the nation would either be all slavery or all free, A house divided against itself cannot stand. In 1860, Lincoln ran for president against Northern Democrat Douglas, Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell. He defeated the three, declaring him the sixteenth president of the United States of America. Lincoln was a Republican who was directly concerned with Civil Rights. He was not an abolitionist, but was determinedRead More Abraham Lincoln Essay1937 Words   |  8 Pageson February 12, 1809 in Kentucky. When he was two, the Lincoln’s moved a few miles to another farm on the old Cumberland Trail. A year later, his mother gave birth to another boy, Thomas, but he died a few days later. When Lincoln was seven his family moved to Indiana. In 1818, Lincoln’s mother died from a deadly disease called the â€Å"milk-sick.† Then ten years later his sister died and left him with only his father and stepmother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lincoln traveled to New Salem in April 1831 and settledRead MoreThe Civil War : A Bloody Battle1150 Words   |  5 Pagesthird act of the play, John Wilkes Booth sneaks into the theatre and shoots Lincoln in the head. He never regained consciousness and died at 7:22am the next morning. Vice President Andrew Johnson takes over. The funeral procession for President Lincoln took place on April 19. On April 26, John Wilkes Booth was found and surrounded by Union forces. He was shot and killed in an old tobacco barn in Virginia. Abraham Lincoln was laid to rest on May 4 and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, ILRead MoreKilling Lincoln Is Acclaimed As `` Shocking, And A Historical Thriller1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reader question, â€Å"Is it really true?† with every turning page. Bill O’Reilly claims that everything mentioned is true and â€Å"unsanitized,† so a whole new story is opened to the audience, such as Booth being fun ded by the Confederate states and the Booth family being closely related to the Lincoln family. However, if everything is true, the question still remains: What is the most significant truth? Many people may refer to the cold hard facts about Lincoln’s assassination as the most significantRead MoreCauses Of The American Civil War1769 Words   |  8 Pagescould arrive, Lee gave unrestricted orders to attack Cemetery Hill to Ewell, who was now in charge of the Army of Northern Virginia’s Second Corps. Ewell did not follow orders to attack, since the Federal position was too strong; his restraint would later earn him many unfavorable comparisons to the great Stonewall. A few hours later, at least three Union corps under Winfield Scott Hancock arrived and extended the defensive line along Cemetery Ridge to the hill known as Little Round Top. During theRead MoreCompare Contrast: Lincoln and Jfk1762 Words   |  8 Pagesdebate he expressed his opinion that the nation would either be all slavery or all free, A house divided against itself cannot stand. In 1860, Lincoln ran for president against Northern Democrat Douglas, Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell. He defeated the three, declaring him the sixteenth president of the United States of America. Lincoln was a Republican who was directly concerned with Civil Rights. He was not an abolitionist, but was determinedRead MoreEconomic Development in the United States1017 Words   |  4 Pageswhich a black man, Dred Scott, eventually went to the U.S. Supreme court in an attempt to gain his freedom. In the end the Supreme Court stated that any black will never be United States citizens. John Brown’s Raid John Browns Raid, also known as Raid on Harpers Ferry, was when John Brown and 20 other abolitionists attacked Harpers Ferry, Virginia to start a slave revolt. He was defeated by U.S. Marines led by Robert E. Lee. In total, eleven were killed and one was wounded. Uncle Tom’sRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1542 Words   |  7 Pages1809, in a one-room log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky† (â€Å"Abraham Lincoln†), to his parents Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. They moved around and eventually settled in another small cabin the backwoods’ of Indiana. As said by biography.com, â€Å"Where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter, hunting game and farming a small plot,† (â€Å"Abraham Lincoln biography†). Lincoln’s father was able to buy the land that they had settled on. A year after his mother’s death (NancyRead More Abraham Lincoln Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln. Lincoln had one older sister (Sarah) who was born in 1807. Three years after Abraham was born, his mother gave birth to a baby boy they named Thomas. The family was faced with devastating turmoil when Thomas died while he was still an infant. When Abe was nine years old he was kick ed in the head by a horse, which caused his family to believe him to be dead. He survived, but his mother died a few months later of milk sickness. Thomas, Abraham’s father, remarried one year later to a young woman

What Has Been The Effect Of Globalization On Terrorism.

What has been the effect of globalization on Terrorism? The aggravation of global problems at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has become a distinctive aspect of the present stage of the development of the world community. Global problems largely determine today s features of international relations and the main directions of world politics. One of the key global problems that international community currently faces is international terrorism. A lively discussion about the growing influence of globalization on the study of international relations has become even more acute after September 11, 2001, when the world faced an unprecedented terrorist act in history. Thus, the side effects of globalization have found their own dangerous†¦show more content†¦However, in order to create the analytical framework of this work, it is crucial to find the definitions of the key terms of this question. The notion of terrorism and its evolution makes it doubtful of its existence as a generally accepted theoretical category and an established and universally accepted term. Bruce Hoffman argues that most of the definitions are too broad and hence, every act of violence by states, non-state actor or an individual is considered as an act of terrorism. Moreover, he claims the term, which was firstly coined during the French Revolution, has changed its meaning several times throughout the history, which makes it even more complex to create a totally accepted definition. Jeffrey Simon found 212 diverse definitions of terrorism. In my view, the term is largely overused by a variety of political actors and academics, who understand it differently. For example, Noam Chomsky argues that US policy toward Nicaragua, Haiti and Guatemala in the 1980s was a representation of a state terrorism and Robert Mugabe refers to the any democratic opposition in Zimbabwe as terrorists. However, it is hi ghly important to define the term because in the case of global terrorism of 21st century, defining becomes a power on itself and in order to use the power of the definition, the definition must be, at least party, shared. In my opinion, two main characteristicsShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1542 Words   |  7 Pagesprogression occurring here. Currently, the war against terrorism is a growing concern and countries around the world have come together to meet for a consensus about the negativity surrounding terrorism, specifically a unification against ISIS. ISIS, which stands for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, is a terror organization that has claimed responsibilities for the recent bombings in Paris, Belgium and Pakistan (1). The Obama Administration has shown great attention and focus towards ending ISISRead MoreChanges in Europe Since the Fall of the Soviet Union, Effects and Issues.1399 Words   |  6 PagesSoviet Union 1991 many changes have been bro ught to Europe. After the fall of the Soviet Union newly formed countries of Eastern Europe found themselves brought into a new era, many of the people had relied on the Soviet Union’s system of socialism to help them with every detail of their lives and to dictate their lives but with this newfound freedom citizens had many changes forced upon them. All they once knew had been taken away so suddenly most didn’t know what to do with themselves. The GovernmentRead MoreGlobalization : The Transition Of Human Society Into The Third Millennium 1744 Words   |  7 PagesSince the 1990s there has been a boom in writing about globalization. According to one sociologist (Waters 1995: 1), it is the concept of the 1990s, ‘a key idea by which we understand the transition of human society into the third millennium’. Globalization can be best described as a process of interaction and integration amongst the people, companies and governments of different nations. It al so refers to a world in which societies, cultures, politics and economies have, in some sense, come closerRead MoreRelevance Of Sovereignty And The Threat Of Terrorism Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesexpanding necessity of humanitarian intervention along with eliminating the threat of terrorism. Sovereignty, as defined in the Westphalian sense, is only useful today in international politics to the extent that states still require justification for their interventions, heavily varying from the idea of state supremacy within its borders. Globalization alongside intricate international affairs, such as terrorism and humanitarian intervention, largely influence current sovereignty norms. ConventionalRead MoreOrganized Crime and Terrorism1000 Words   |  4 PagesTreverton et all define crime and terrorism as illegal activities which greatly revolve around economic interests. The document accurately depicts how ‘organized crime seeks money and why terrorism needs it’ . Furthermore, according to the authors, the definitions about crime presented by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), United Nations (UN), and the International Police (INTERPOL) coincide in some terms regarding the essence of organized crime. All of the aforementioned identify key wordsRead MoreGlobalization and Religion Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization and Religion James Davidson Axia College Globalization and Religion In todays world of continuous growth and expansion, the lines of religious borders are becoming blurred. According to Merriam Webster, globalization is defined as the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets (2007). The exponential growth that businesses are experiencing is forcing corporationsRead MoreAmerican National Interests: The Mission of Homeland Security1298 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican National Interests With the continued globalization, there are various concerns that the USA come across and will continue to encounter over the next few years. These challenges will become more pronounced with the continued fluidity of populations across the world due to the continued globalization. Some of the major concerns that the USA will definitely have at the national and even international level are the successful war on terrorism, adequate Homeland security and the fast risingRead MoreThe Challenge of Organizational Communication714 Words   |  3 PagesThe Challenge of Organizational Communication video†¦ What does it all mean? It means that in recent years the world has been changing faster than ever before and becoming more complex than anyone could ever imagine. Katherine Miller points out 4 aspects of these changes that were barely on the radar 20 years ago, but today dominate much of our thinking. The first one is globalization. It has become a truism to say that we live in a global economy and participate in a global market. The emergeRead MoreGlobalization Is A Positive Way Or Negative Way?1034 Words   |  5 Pages3rd Dec 2015 Essay on Has Globalization Changed Global Politics in a Positive Way or a Negative way Globalization- Positive or Negative Globalization is one of the 21st century’s most important politics topic. I have heard the term globalization in my economics lecture and in political debates. Some of my friends argued when I asked them if globalization is changed global politics in a positive way or negative way. Some of them argued saying that globalization is a positive developmentRead MoreImpact Of Terrorism On Contemporary International Relation1786 Words   |  8 Pagespoints each. Each response should Question 4: Define terrorism and put it into historical context. What are the principal features of contemporary terrorism and how does it differ from the past? Discuss with reference to processes of integration and fragmentation and post-modern warfare. Using at least one example from the course readings or your independent research, explain the impact of terrorism on contemporary international relation. Terrorism is a term the world hears more than we want to. ISIS

Forced Community Service Persuassive Essay Free Essays

Benchmark Essay Courtney Ceurvels Purple 6/12/12 Students shouldn’t be required to perform seventy five hours of community service. This is because the work wouldn’t be done well if the students were forced. Also time would be taken away from clubs, sports, social life and school work. We will write a custom essay sample on Forced Community Service Persuassive Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then again it will make the town look better. If students were forced to do volunteer work to complete schooling then it would most likely not be done well. Being forced the students won’t get the same lesson and/or experience from it. Never mind the work wouldn’t be done as well because they don’t want to do it. Then if they don’t want to do it, the work won’t be done to the best of their ability. Also forcing 75 hours of volunteer work would take time away from school work, sports, clubs and social life. Most kids have sports practice or club meeting after school hours then have t complete school work after that. With a schedule already that packed then adding more responsibility to a student’s life could effect their sleeping habits and cause stress. Volunteer work could also lower grades and the sport skills of students if they miss practice or studying time over community service work. Some people might say that it would make the town a better place to make the students more involved. Also some might complain that it would keep kids out of trouble, when really all you’re doing if giving them another way to get in trouble. Since kids are forced to do the work and some are already extremely busy then they won’t complete their hours and then that would effect them receiving a diploma. This is why students shouldn’t be required to perform 75 hours of community service for schooling. The students are already too busy with their school work, clubs, sports and social life. They would have a bad work ethic since they were being forced, also it wouldn’t have the same meaning/lesson. The only pro is that it would help the town but in this situation, the cons greatly outweigh the pros. How to cite Forced Community Service Persuassive Essay, Essay examples

Social Media by Business and Governments-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the use of Social Media by Business and Governments. Answer: Introduction Social media is an integral medium of communication in events of emergencies such as flooding, bush fires and fire emergencies. Due to the low usage of bandwidth of social medias, the information can be transferred quickly from one place to another without any delay which is essential in the event of an emergency. People tend to look towards social media channels endorsed by government during the state of an emergency. Social media is used extensively by governmental bodies as it helps in the sharing and coordinating information among emergency staffs who are located in multiple regions. It also helps in focusing and coordinating volunteers. It plays an important role in connecting communities with ample amounts of support services. It also helps in understanding the situational information from the communities who use social medias to prepare a proper response and management team. Time to tim e update is also achieved via social medias which is important for preparing the proper rel ief operations in the event of crisis. In the proposed report, the effective use of social media during an emergencies have been analyzed. The risks and benefits associated with social media during the emergency has been highlighted and evaluated. The proper way of handling a potential threat of fire to a regional community has been discussed. For assessing the context, the case of Hazelwood Mine fire has been taken as an example and the use of social media in the proposed scenario has been evaluated. Discussion Brief Introduction of The Case Study Figure 1: Hazelwood Coal mine fire (Source: Cliff 2015) On February 9th 2014, a fire broke out in a coal mine of Hazelwood Power station. The fire was described as one of the most complex and longest running fire in the history of the state by the Country Fire Authority. The ash and smoke from the fire affected the residents that were living in the nearby towns. The people of South Morwell were relocated by the Victorian Chief Health Officer as the region was covered with dangerous particles of PM 2.5. The fire highlighted the need for proper inquiry and effective preparation of the part of the government to tackle such problems. The fire was brought into control on March 10, 2014 (Cliff 2015). Figure 2: Hazelwood coal mine fire (Source: Macnamara 2015) The Fire inquiry report of Hazelwood coal mine fire stated that the communities who were living around the power station faced adverse health conditions. The financial impact was faced by both the government and the businesses due to medical costs, relocation of homes, destruction in property and downturn in the businesses (Siskey et al. 2016). Handling a Potential Threat of Fire for a Regional Community using social media For effectively handling a potential threat of fire for the local communities, some steps have been devised for the local government to assess and implement during a crisis. The steps have been devised keeping the main focus on the effective use of social media during a fire emergency. State emergency and local officials should share their official websites and social medias to the regional community members so that they can stay up to date about the transit changes, evacuation routes, status about the fire, emergency numbers and other relevant informations (Criado, Sandoval-Almazan and Gil-Garcia 2013). The state officials should manage their Twitter account judiciously to respond directly to the community and correct any misinformation. During the emergency, hundreds of people will upload their eye witness accounts and damage photos which can be effectively used by the state department to formulate an escape strategy and response efforts. News Medias can encourage the local public to use particular hashtags so that everyone can check the relevant messages (Simon, Goldberg and Adini 2015). In this way, effective and coordinated distribution of information around the region can help in effective handling of the emergency situation. A crisis mapping technology can be implemented just like in Haiti when an earthquake occurred in Port au prince. The open source mapping technology can help in mapping geo tagged messages of Twitter and other online links. The blue badges provided in the next figure shows the content items which can be accessed by the concerned authorities to access the associated contents. This tool is very useful in gaining valuable information during a crisis and initiate appropriate recovery strategies (Oliveira and Welch 2013). The crisis map can be used to aggregate the social media information like geo tagged messages and emails. Figure 3: An example of a crisis map of Australian fires (Source: Google Crisis Map 2018) The government can also take advantage of SMS and smartphone technology to initiate a charity campaign. The relief that can be gained from the campaign can be used to address the affected people who lost their homes and those who are in need of a basic funding due to the fire emergency. The government can use Google Person Finder to share and collect information about people who went missing during the crisis. The website is capable of tracking hundreds of accounts days after the crisis. Critical information can be distributed through the official twitter account of the government. Voluntary efforts can be made through dedicated facebook pages who organize their efforts to help those who are in dire need of aid (Mergel 2013). An emergency alert network can be created by the authorities which can be used to generate emergency updates and notification in the event of a crisis. The government can also review its emergency broadcasting systems to increase the internet broadcasting capabilities so that more people can access the Social Medias to convey emergency messages. Public should be informed and educated about how a social media can be utilized as a part of the public information systems and the emergency warning system (Wendling, Radisch and Jacobzone 2013). Furth er research needs to be conducted so that the effective use of social media can be incorporated with information exchange during a crisis. The ideal way of implementing social media to handle a potential fire threat is written in the following methods and descriptions. The first method is developing a strategic plan. The target audience, staffing requirements, objectives and tactics need to be identified. The governance structure needs to be created for approval (Imran et al. 2013). The ideal social media channel needs to be identified. Second, the policies need to be established. Documents need to be developed which will be used as a guide by emergency managers for proper use of social media. Policies which provide effective leadership support need to be implemented. Third, a social media presence need to be established. The concerned authorities need to create accounts in popular social media for maintain an active presence online. They need to engage with the communities properly in advance. Fourth, the expectations need to be managed. The prospective people need to be engaged early in the process so that they can have realistic expectation during the time of a fire emergency (Kryvasheyeu et al. 2016). The frequency of communication between the people and officials need to be properly stated. Fifth, the operation concept need to be established. The management process of the social media need to be determined during a fire emergency. More staffs need to be trained so that they can be allocated to monitor the social media during a fire emergency. The emergency management plans needs to incorporate strategies related to social media. Sixth, frequent updates need to be distributed. The public needs to be pre engaged son that the visibility is increased during emergency as well as no emergency scenarios (Potts 2013). Seventh, coordination with other organizations need to be conducted. An online central source can be set up for distributing information from numerous sources about fire emergency related topics (De Albuquerque et al. 2015). The social media channels also need to be coordinated regionally. Eight, social media content needs to be monitored. The community members need to be engaged in communications where all their queries can be properly answered. Ninth, public information need to be evaluated. The method of receiving official messages through social media channels need to be monitored (Graham and Avery 2013). Incorrect rumors need to be quickly decimated. Social media management tools need to be utilized for analyzing documents. Tenth, utilization of visual maps. Location services, for example crisis maps need to be used to provide more visual content in the case of a fire emergency. Evacuation and shelter zones need to be properly mentioned in the map (Hiltz and Plotnick 2013). Regional members should be able to upload damage reports and eyewitness accounts in the case of an emergency. Lastly, extra measures during lack of connectivity. The infrastructure of the network need to be robust and should be able to handle high demands in case of fire emergency. A contingency plan need to be established to mitigate the issues in the vent of loss of connectivity and power. Benefits of using social media during the emergency How social media was used by the CFA The 2014 Hazelwood Coal Mine fire showed a critical flaw in the information flow system between the community and the emergency management system in a dynamic manner. The Country Fire Authority (which is responsible for providing emergency service to regional townships and rural areas) performed extensive work to update their communications strategies during the emergency (Country Fire Authority 2018). Social medias such as Twitter and Facebook was used by The Country Fire Authority of Australia to understand the severity of the coal mine fire and encouraged the local communities to upload their content in the News and Media Website of The Country Fire Authority (Houston et al. 2015). This was extremely useful as the interactive multimedia website allowed people to keep in touch with the latest news, join the discussion board and provide the latest multimedia content. Figure 4: Screenshot of CFA website (Source: Country Fire Authority 2018) The timely update of information from the people living around Victoria, Australia was the key engagement strategy of CFA during the emergency. The website provided a common platform to the people for uploading pictures, videos and discussion comments to understand the severity of the condition. This information was actively used by the authorities to deploy perfect mitigation techniques for the emergency. The prompt action of relocating thousands of people (by reviewing unofficial and official information) was only possible due to the social interaction between the authorities and the local communities (Country Fire Authority 2018). A collaborative approach was deployed by CFA to engage the public in online communications. Twitter was used extensively by the authorities as a prime distribution mechanism in the time of emergencies. The detailed communication approach was used through Facebook social media (Landwehr and Carley 2014). The effective management of the social interaction was only possible due to the effective management of roles by the staff members of CFA who were handling the social media accounts. How social media was used by the government authorities Figure 5: Recovery attempts after the emergency (Source: Macnamara 2015) When the fire broke out, the government authorities started to actively monitor the social medias and made use of collaborative communication to understand the severity of the issue. Hashtags such as #Hazelwoodfire was used extensively by the public, nongovernmental as well as governmental agencies and news media to update information about the incident on social medias. The consistent use of hashtags on Social Medias was used by firefighters to assess the evacuation routes for the common public residing around the area (Lachlan et al. 2016). The use of social medias in these incidents helped the concerned authorities to formulate a response effort and demonstrate the power that these social medias can have for emergency management plans. Other benefits in general The social media gives the person an immediate voice to give their opinion about the emergency. It also assists an individual to track the progress of the recovery efforts in the case of an emergency. The social media can also alert the local communities by acting as an early warning system. It can help individuals to connect with their near and dear ones during the emergency. Businesses can contact their customers and shareholders about the emergency and update them about the efforts that are being carried out. Other businesses usually update their social media presence to tell the public to reope and rebuild their busineses. Trending hashtags can be analysed by relief organizations to boost their relief efforts in a targeted area. Risks of using social media during an emergency Figure 6: Protests after Hazelwood was widely criticized in social media (Source: Cliff 2015) Studies have shown that during an emergency, outdated and inaccurate information can be updated in social media forums which can delay the response efforts of the concerned authorities. The location of the emergency can be reported inaccurately in the forums which is a huge concern that needs to be addressed. Even after the victims are rescued, repeated tweets about rescue operations can jeopardize the entire response efforts (Mergel and Bretschneider 2013). The response time also can be falsely reported in the social media sites. Another risks related to using social media during emergency is that some organizations or individuals can deliberately delay rescue efforts by providing incorrect information (Imran et al. 2015). Trolls are hoaxes during an emergency is very common and there is little time to prove their authenticity. During an emergency, power outages are very common. This can lead to a huge technology limitation to access the social media sites for getting a proper disaster response. The number of personnel and their skills sets need to be assessed to carry out a proper response effort (Alexander 2014). These estimates can be miscalculated due to improper information that are posted in social media sites. Another risk factor during the event of an emergency is the security and privacy of personal information in social media (Wukich 2016). Besides that, there are some people in a society who do not access social media accounts. This is a huge drawback as the rescue effort messages would not reach the intended target audience during an emergency. Lack of proper training of personnel who access the social media management can also delay response efforts. Negative opinions can be targeted at a particular organization which can reduce the effect of the disaster response. Conclusion To conclude the report, it can be stated that proper methods have been discussed by which potential threats of fire can be handled by regional communities through the usage of social medias. The benefits of using social medias have been evaluated through the proposed scenario. The risks of using social medias have also been evaluated. Proper recommendations need to be analyzed so that the advantages outweigh the risks that are involved in using social media during emergencies. Social medias are used increasingly in the emergency management procedures day by day. These tools are used as they effectively disseminate information to a wide audience in a matter of minutes giving the concerned body ample time to create a response plan. These social tools are used by humanitarian bodies as well as government bodies for recovery, response and preparedness efforts by sending alert messages to the public and helping others to monitor their interactions. The report has evaluated the case study to get an insight into the advantages of social media and the key role it played in saving countless lives. Although the social tools need to evolve and has a number of drawbacks, with proper analysis by a social management team, the threats can be ignored for the proper utilization of social media. References Alexander, D.E., 2014. Social media in disaster risk reduction and crisis management.Science and engineering ethics,20(3), pp.717-733. Cliff, D., 2015. The Hazelwood Mine Fire 2014. Country Fire Authority. (2018).Hazelwood Mine Fire Inquiry - Country Fire Authority. [online] Available at: https://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/hazelwood-mine-fire-inquiry [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. Criado, J.I., Sandoval-Almazan, R. and Gil-Garcia, J.R., 2013. Government innovation through social media. De Albuquerque, J.P., Herfort, B., Brenning, A. and Zipf, A., 2015. A geographic approach for combining social media and authoritative data towards identifying useful information for disaster management.International Journal of Geographical Information Science,29(4), pp.667-689. Graham, M. and Avery, E., 2013. Government public relations and social media: An analysis of the perceptions and trends of social media use at the local government level.Public Relations Journal,7(4), pp.1-21. Hiltz, S.R. and Plotnick, L., 2013. Dealing with information overload when using social media for emergency management: Emerging solutions. InISCRAM. Houston, J.B., Hawthorne, J., Perreault, M.F., Park, E.H., Goldstein Hode, M., Halliwell, M.R., Turner McGowen, S.E., Davis, R., Vaid, S., McElderry, J.A. and Griffith, S.A., 2015. Social media and disasters: a functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research.Disasters,39(1), pp.1-22. Imran, M., Castillo, C., Diaz, F. and Vieweg, S., 2015. Processing social media messages in mass emergency: A survey.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),47(4), p.67. Imran, M., Elbassuoni, S., Castillo, C., Diaz, F. and Meier, P., 2013, May. Extracting information nuggets from disaster-related messages in social media. InIscram. Kryvasheyeu, Y., Chen, H., Obradovich, N., Moro, E., Van Hentenryck, P., Fowler, J. and Cebrian, M., 2016. Rapid assessment of disaster damage using social media activity.Science advances,2(3), p.e1500779. Lachlan, K.A., Spence, P.R., Lin, X., Najarian, K. and Del Greco, M., 2016. Social media and crisis management: CERC, search strategies, and Twitter content.Computers in Human Behavior,54, pp.647-652. Landwehr, P.M. and Carley, K.M., 2014. Social media in disaster relief. InData mining and knowledge discovery for big data(pp. 225-257). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Macnamara, J.R., 2015. The Hazelwood coal mine fire: Lessons from crisis miscommunication and misunderstanding.Case Studies in Strategic Communication. Mergel, I. and Bretschneider, S.I., 2013. A three?stage adoption process for social media use in government.Public Administration Review,73(3), pp.390-400. Mergel, I., 2013. A framework for interpreting social media interactions in the public sector.Government Information Quarterly,30(4), pp.327-334. Oliveira, G.H.M. and Welch, E.W., 2013. Social media use in local government: Linkage of technology, task, and organizational context.Government Information Quarterly,30(4), pp.397-405. Potts, L., 2013.Social media in disaster response: How experience architects can build for participation. Routledge. Simon, T., Goldberg, A. and Adini, B., 2015. Socializing in emergenciesA review of the use of social media in emergency situations.International Journal of Information Management,35(5), pp.609-619. Siskey, MS, A. and Islam, PhD, CFM, T. (2016). Social media best practices in emergency management.Journal of Emergency Management, 14(2), p.113. Wendling, C., Radisch, J. and Jacobzone, S., 2013. The use of social media in risk and crisis communication. Wukich, C., 2016. Social media use in emergency management.Journal of Emergency Management,13(4), pp.281-294.

Competition - Competitive Advantage - and Clusters

Question: Discuss about the Competition, Competitive Advantage, and Clusters. Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is an internet based method of computing. The method uses internet to store and process data (Hayes, 2009). The cloud computing model provides storage, servers, computer networks and applications to users anywhere anytime. Cloud providers require users to subscribe and pay as they use the system. Cloud computing model is an alternative to premise in house supported model solution. The model increases computing capacity at a low cost and is easily accessible that contributes to increased efficiency in an organization. Change in Information technology system is a process of transitions from current undesirable model to a more effective model (Beynon et al., 2016). Change in this case involves transition from in-house supported model to cloud computing model. This following report addresses the feasibility of clouding computing model in Coles Supermarket business. The report will address the current situation that need to be changed by the new technological development in the IT industry. The report will also outline recommendations that will enable execution of strategies for the company to attain competitiveness. Coles Supermarket is a chain store in Australia. The company was started in 1914 by George Coles. The company has its headquarters in Melbourne. The company has 776 branches in Australia with more than 100000employeess. The company is currently managed by John Durkan as the Director. The company deals with retail on both supermarket outlets and online stores. The Company is owned by Wesfarmers. Current Situation The company is currently using premises in-house support solution model of computing. The company has heavily invested in EPR solution. The company also has a CRM solution system that does not support mobile. Coles uses IT system to input, process and store data in all departments of the organization. Suppliers use merchandising systems to transact with the company. The company has also used the IT system to create automation around the business operations. The following will be the success factors for Coles IT system; A low cost internet server A CRM solution that is mobile supported. Automatic updating IT system An online, flexible and secure IT system These factors will indicate that the clouding computing model is feasible for the company. Need for Change The need for change in Coles business is necessitated by three main factors; first, the existing EPR solution of the company requires a lot of support and maintenance by experts. The EPR is a major investment and requires periodic upgrade and regular maintenance. The system requires skills to support and maintenance skills that the company lacks. This has made the system expensive to maintain. Secondly, the company is still using the old CRM solution that does not support mobile phone interface. There has been an increase in internet access by use of mobile phone in the recent decade. Most people are using their mobile phones to check information or access services through the internet (Ratten, 2015). This factor necessitates a CRM solution system that can be easily accessed by a mobile phone and has automatic updates. Lastly, there has been hype around the internet of things. The IT industry has changed and other companies are adopting the change (Tari, 2014). The new technological developments have changed the environment of operations that create a need to change to offer value to the companys customers. Desire of the Manager to adopt new technological development Lack of premises in house Expert with skills to support and maintain EPR system Need to increase capability of the Companys IT to serve Mobile users Minimization of resources used in supporting a computing model Other competing organizations have adopted the new developments in Information technology and they are attaining a competitive advantage over Coles business (Huggins and Izushi, 2011). Increasing customers value The advancement in technology Strategic Plan The strategic plan will involve formulation of strategies and implementations of actions to enable establish feasibility and adoption of cloud computing model. The purpose of this strategic plan is enable understanding the current state of the company in terms of capabilities and opportunities and outline tactics that will enable the business maintain and increase sales in the market. The strategic plan will cover the following components; mission statement, objectives, SWOT, strategies and competitive advantage. The Mission statement of Coles Company is offering customers quality, service and value at affordable prices. The company aims to achieve quality in their produce and give customers best services that add value to their life. The objective of this strategic plan is to reduce investment in IT and enable quicker time market solution. This objective is expected to be met by replacing the current on premise in-house supported solution model to cloud computing model. The Coles SWOT analysis is as follows; The Company has strength in having resources, well established and has a large market share in Australia. Coles has a weakness of slow rate of adopting change, aging workforce and inadequate IT skills. The company has an opportunity of increasing its market share by reaching mobile phone customers. Lastly the company is faced by threats of increasing competitors in the retail and supermarket industry. The strategy for Coles business is to maintain its market share by offering its customers best quality, services and value. This strategy is to be enabled by adopting current IT system that creates a good interface between the company and its customers (Hunter, 2009). The competitive advantage of Coles Business is affordable prices to its customers. The company aims at attaining a competitive advantage by charging low prices. Lower prices attract customers thereby attaining a competitive edge (Onsarigo et al., 2017). Conclusion From the report, Coles Company is in need of a new computing model. The company needs to change in order to minimize it cost of operations and remain strategic in the industry. Changing to cloud computing model will reduce the company capital investments on IT system, enable automatic updates of the system and be competitive to other companies in the industry. The company will also have access to flexible server, Information recovery in case of disaster, document control, Security of system and be able to work from any point anywhere. Therefore, clouding computing model is a feasible technology in the company because it will enable the company to achieve it mission and meet its objectives. Recommendations Following the discussion on this report, I recommend the following; Coles Chain Stores should change it computing model to cloud computing for it the future of the Information technology industry. The system will also cut their operations cost. The company should also hire an expert who understands the cloud computing model to enable smooth transition and that the company full benefits from the model. References Beynon-Davies, P., Jones, P. and White, G. (2016). Business Patterns and Strategic Change. Strategic Change, 25(6), pp.675-691. Hayes, J. (2009). Clout of the cloud (cloud computing). Engineering Technology, 4(6), pp.60-61. Huggins, R. and Izushi, H. (2011). Competition, competitive advantage, and clusters. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hunter, P. (2009). Cloud aloud [cloud computing in enterprises]. Engineering Technology, 4(16), pp.54-56. Kirubakaramoorthi, R., Arivazhagan, D. and Helen, D. (2015). Analysis of Cloud Computing Technology. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(21). Onsarigo Miencha, I., Paul, J. and Selvam, M. (2017). Technical Efficiency for Strategic Change and Global Competitiveness. Strategic Change, 26(1), pp.53-67. Ratten, V. (2015). Cloud Computing Technology Innovation Advances:. International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing, 5(1), pp.69-76. Tari, Z. (2014). Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing. IEEE Cloud Computing, 1(1), pp.54-57.